Dziviriro yeMheni munguva yemvura uye Dziviriro yeKugovera Simba

"Yakanga yava nguva yechitatu mangwanani, uye workshop yakangoerekana yasviba chose, michina yese ichidzima uye kunhuwa kushoma kuchibva mubhokisi rekuparadzira——" Ichi chiitiko chaVaAhmad, mutariri wekushanda nekugadzirisa wefekitori yemagetsi muPenang, Malaysia. Svondo rapfuura, dutu guru rakarova nzvimbo iyi. Nekuda kwekudzivirira kusina kukwana kwemheni kwesystem yekugovera magetsi yefekitori, magetsi anokonzerwa nemheni akapinda mumitsetse ndokupwanya zvakananga circuit breaker huru yeworkshop, zvichikonzera kumiswa kwekugadzira kwemaawa anopfuura masere kwefekitori yese. Izvi hazvina kungokonzera kurasikirwa kweinenge MYR 55,000 mumaodha asiwo imwe MYR 13,000 yemari yekutsiva circuit breaker nekutarisa mitsetse. Kupinda mumwaka wemvura, dutu rinoitika kakawanda. Se "muurayi asingaoneki" wemasisitimu ekugovera magetsi, mheni inowanzo kukonzera zvikanganiso zvakaita sekukuvadzwa kwecircuit breaker, line short circuits, uye kupisa kwemidziyo, uye zvinogona kutotungamira mutsaona dzekuchengetedza dzakadai semoto nemagetsi. Kune zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semafekitori emaindasitiri, zvivako zvemahofisi, mapaki, uye nzvimbo itsva dzemagetsi, kuita basa rakanaka mukudzivirira mheni nekudzivirira kuparadzirwa kwemagetsi munguva yemvura, kunyanya kudzivirira mheni yemidziyo mikuru yakaita semacircuit breakers, haisisiri "chiito chekusarudza", asi "mubvunzo unofanirwa kupindurwa" wekuona kuti kugadzirwa kwezvinhu nehupenyu hwese zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye kudzivirira kurasikirwa nezvinhu.

Chinhu chikuru chinodzivirira mheni munguva yemvura ndechekuti: mheni ine mhando dzakasiyana dzekukuvadzwa (kurovera mheni zvakananga, kurovera mheni kunokonzerwa, kupindira kwemafungu emheni) uye inongoerekana yaitika uye inoparadza zvikuru. Muhurongwa hwekugovera magetsi, macircuit breakers, se "varindi vekuchengetedza" vemitsetse nemidziyo, haasi chete chinobatanidza chikuru mukudzivirira mheni asiwo chimwe chezvishandiso zviri nyore kudzivirirwa nemheni. Makambani mazhinji anowanzova nekusanzwisisana kwepfungwa, zvichikonzera kukundikana kwekudzivirira mheni uye pakupedzisira zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemidziyo uye kurasikirwa kwehupfumi. Kutaura zvazviri, kudzivirira mheni pakugoverwa kwesimba munguva yemvura ipurojekiti yakarongeka, inotarisa pamisimboti mitatu mikuru ye "kuvharirwa, kutsauswa, uye dziviriro". Pfungwa nhatu dzakakosha zvikuru ndedzinotevera, idzo dzakatsanangurwa nezviitiko zvakananga kuti zvikubatsire kunzwisisa nzira huru nekukurumidza:

Pfungwa huru 1: Sarudza Circuit Breaker Yakakodzera Yakachengetedzwa Nemheni Kuti Ugadzire "Mutsetse Wekutanga Wekudzivirira" weKudzivirira Kuparadzirwa Kwemagetsi

Semudziyo wekudzivirira wesystem yekugovera magetsi, mashandiro ekudzivirira mheni emacircuit breakers anosarudza zvakananga kugona kwesystem yekugovera magetsi kudzivirira kurohwa nemheni. Voltage yakakwira nekukurumidza uye simba guru rinokonzerwa nemheni munguva yemvura zvinogona kupwanya nyore nyore insulation layer yemacircuit breakers akajairwa, zvichikonzera kukanganisa, kukuvara kwemacircuit breakers, uye kunyange line short circuits. Saka, chinonyanya kukosha chekudzivirira kugoverwa kwemagetsi munguva yemvura kusarudza macircuit breakers akakosha ane mabasa ekudzivirira mheni zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nechiitiko, pane macircuit breakers akajairwa. Ndapota teererai zvinhu zviviri zvinotevera:

1.Kusarudza Kwakarurama Kuti Kuenderane Nemamiriro Ezvinhu:Macircuit breaker anodzivirirwa nemheni haashande zvakanaka pahukuru humwe chete uye anofanira kusarudzwa zvichienderana nehukuru huviri hwepakati:

① Mwero weVoltage: Enzanisa voltage yakayerwa yesystem yekugovera magetsi kudzivirira kuwandisa kana dziviriro isina kukwana;

② Kusimba kwemheni: Kune nzvimbo dzine mheni inowanzo shandiswa (senge nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe nenzvimbo dzine makomo kuSoutheast Asia), sarudza zvinhu zvine simba rinokwanisa kutsungirira kukwira kwemvura ≥20kA. Nzvimbo dziri kunze dzinofanirawo kuzadzisa dziviriro yeIP54 kana kupfuura kuti dzidzivirire kupisa kwakanyanya, hunyoro hwakawanda uye kukurwa kwemvura.

2.Basa Rakarongwa, Rinokosha:Macircuit breaker anodzivirirwa nemheni anofanirwa kushanda pamwe chete neSurge Protective Devices (SPD) kuti awedzere simba rekudzivirira mheni — SPD ine basa rekudzivirira voltage instantaneous surge mumutsara (iyo inogona kudzivirira anopfuura 80% yekukwira kwemheni induced), uye circuit breaker ine basa rekucheka mutsetse nekukurumidza mukati memasekondi 0.1 kana surge current yakakura zvakanyanya, kuitira kudzivirira zvikanganiso zvechipiri zve short-circuit zvinokonzerwa nekukuvara kweSPD.

Sanganai nezviitiko chaizvo zvemafekitori muSoutheast Asia kuti munzwisise kukosha kwekusarudza:

-Nyaya yePaki yeMaindasitiri muPenang, Malaysia: Paki yemaindasitiri yakasangana nezvikanganiso zvekugoverwa kwemagetsi kakawanda munguva yemvura yapfuura. Mushure memabhanan'ana, mafekitori anopfuura 60% akange aine macircuit breaker akadonha uye michina yakatadza kutanga. Vashandi vekushanda nekuchengetedza vakaona kuti ese akakuvara aive macircuit breaker akajairika ane voltage shoma, ayo insulation layer yakakanganiswa nemagetsi anokonzerwa nemheni. Kugadzirisa kwega kwega nekutsiva kwakatora mazuva 1-2, uye avhareji yekurasikirwa kwekugadzirwa kwezuva nezuva pafekitori yega yega yaive inenge MYR 8,000. Mwaka wemvura wa2025 usati wasvika, paki yemaindasitiri yakapedza kuvandudzwa katatu: ① MaMolded Case Circuit Breakers akasarudzwa asingapindi mhepo (MCCB) zvichienderana nemamiriro efekitori; ② Yakaisa SPD yakakodzera mubhokisi rekugovera kuti iwane dziviriro yekubatanidza; ③ Yakaisa nhoo dzisingapindi mvura dzemacircuit breaker emitsetse yekunze. Mushure mekuvandudzwa, paki yemaindasitiri yakasangana nemadutu masere akasimba, uye pakanga pasina kuputsika kwecircuit breaker kana kupisa kwemidziyo. Kuputika kamwe chete kwakaitika, uko kwakagadziriswazve mukati memaminitsi gumi, zvikasakonzera kurasikirwa kwekugadzira.

-Zvimwe zvekuwedzera Chiyeuchidzo cheSarudzo(Shandisa mamiriro akasiyana-siyana nemazvo uye dzivisa matambudziko ekusarudza):

✅ Mamiriro ekunze(zviteshi zvemagetsi zve photovoltaic, makamuri ekuparadzira magetsi panze, mitsetse yefekitori yekunze): Isa pamberi macircuit breakers anodzivirira mheni ane dziviriro ye IP54 kana kupfuura uye anokwanisa kumira pakukwira kwemvura ≥20kA, ayo anogona kuramba kupinda kwemvura neguruva uye anokwanisa kuenderana nekupisa kwakanyanya uye hunyoro hwakawanda munguva yemvura muSoutheast Asia.

✅ Mamiriro ezvinhu emumba(zvivako zvemahofisi, zvivako zvemahofisi, mafekitori madiki): Macircuit breaker akajairika anodzivirira mheni anogona kusarudzwa, asi zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti anoenderana neSPD (voltage yakayerwa yeSPD inofanira kuenderana nevoltage yakayerwa yecircuit breaker) kudzivirira kutadza kwekudzivirira kunokonzerwa nekusarudzwa kusina kunaka.

Pfungwa huru 2: Iva nechokwadi chekuti zvishandiso zvekudzivirira mheni zvakabatana kudzivirira njodzi yakavanzwa ye "kudzivirira kwenzvimbo imwe chete"

Kusanzwisisana kwakajairika kwekudzivirira mheni mumakambani mazhinji i "kudzivirira kwenzvimbo imwe chete" - kungoisa tambo dzemheni kana kungotsiva macircuit breakers anodzivirira mheni, asi kuregeredza kubatana kwakarongeka kwemidziyo yekudzivirira mheni, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvaita kuti dziviriro isashande. Kutaura zvazviri, dziviriro yemheni munguva yemvura inofanirwa kuumba sisitimu yakakwana ye "external interception, internal diversion, uye terminal protection", iyo inogona kupatsanurwa zvakananga kuita matanho matatu makuru, uku ichidzivirira njodzi mbiri dzakavanzika:

1. Vaka Sisitimu Yakakwana Yekudzivirira Mheni:Tsanangura kubatana kwezvikamu zvina zvepakati, hapana chimwe chazvo chingashaikwe. Kuvhara kwekunze: Kuvhara mheni zvakananga kunorova nepakati pematanda emheni/zvidimbu zvemheni uye kunopinza mheni muvhu;

2. Kuchinja-chinja kwemukati: Kurova kwemheni kunokonzerwa nekudzivisa uye kupinda kwemafungu emheni kuburikidza neSPD pamutsetse;

3. Dziviriro yeTerminal: Circuit breaker yakabatana neSPD kuti ikurumidze kudzima ma surge current akawandisa uye kudzivirira michina nemitsetse;

4. Kudzora simba remagetsi: Kurumidza kudzosera simba remagetsi pasi kuburikidza nesystem yekudzika inokodzera kudzivirira kuchengetwa kwesimba remagetsi.

5.Dzivisa Njodzi mbiri Dzakavanzika Dzinowanzo itika(Zvinonyanya kuregeredzwa zviri nyore asi zvinogona kukonzera zvikanganiso). Kuramba kwakanyanyisa kwepasi: Magadzirirwo anoda kuti kuramba kwepasi kwefekitori dzemaindasitiri ≤4Ω, uye kwezvivako zvemahofisi nedzimba ≤10Ω; kana kuramba kwepasi kwakanyanya (senge kupfuura 10Ω), simba remheni harigone kutsauswa nekukurumidza, izvo zvinopinda musystem yekugovera magetsi uye zvinoputsa macircuit breakers nemidziyo.

6. Kukundikana kwekubatana kwemudziyo: Kana circuit breaker isina kubatana neSPD, mushure mekunge SPD yabata kukwira kwesimba, haigone kudimbura tambo nenguva, izvo zvinozokonzera kupera simba kweSPD zvozokonzera kupfupika kwetambo uye kuwedzera kurasikirwa.

Sanganai nezviitiko chaizvo zviri kuSoutheast Asia kuti muone kuti mungagadzirisa sei njodzi dzakavanda dzekudzivirira mheni nekuvandudza sisitimu yekubatanidza:

-Nyaya yeFekitori Inogadzira Zvikamu Zvemotokari muJakarta, Indonesia: Fekitori iyi ine michina yakawanda yekunyatsogadzira zvinhu yakaita semamota nema inverter, ayo anonyanya kukanganiswa nekukwira kwemheni. Kare, nekuda kwekuregeredza dziviriro yemheni kumberi kwemidziyo, ma inverter matatu akapiswa nemheni munguva yekunaya, nekurasikirwa zvakananga kweanopfuura MYR 100,000. Gare gare, kugadziriswa kwakanangana kwakaitwa: kuisa SPD yakakosha kumberi kwemidziyo, yakabatana nema circuit breakers madiki akachengetedzwa nemheni kuti vawane "dziviriro yehierarchical uye dziviriro chaiyo". Mushure mekushandurwa, pakanga pasisina kupera kwemidziyo yekunyatsogadzira zvinhu.

Pamusoro pezvo, kumafekitori emaindasitiri, michina yakaita semamota, ma inverter, uye zvishandiso zvine hungwaru zvinonzwa zvakanyanya kana mheni yakwira. Pamusoro pekuita basa rakanaka mukudzivirira mheni pakugoverwa kwesimba guru uye kugoverwa kwesimba repasi, zvakakoshawo kuisa SPD yakakosha kumberi kwemidziyo, inoenderana nema circuit breakers madiki akachengetedzwa nemheni kuti iwane "dziviriro yehierarchical uye dziviriro chaiyo", kuitira kudzivirira mheni kupinda nepakati pemitsetse yemidziyo uye kupisa michina ine hungwaru.

Pfungwa huru 3: Kuongorora nekugadzirisa zuva nezuva kuti pave nematambudziko ekudzivirira mheni. Njodzi Dzakavanzika Pamberi

Madutu anowanzoitika munguva yemvura. Kudzivirirwa kwemheni kwesimba remagetsi hakungodi chete "kusarudza michina yakakodzera uye kuita basa rakanaka mukubatanidza", asiwo kunoda "kuongororwa kwezuva nezuva nekugadzirisa matambudziko pachine nguva" - zvichienderana nehuwandu, zvinopfuura 60% yezvikanganiso zvekugoverwa kwemagetsi munguva yemvura hazvikonzerwi nekusarudzwa kwemidziyo isina kunaka, asi nekusagadziriswa kwakakwana kwezuva nezuva, zvichikonzera kutadza kwemidziyo yekudzivirira mheni uye kudzikira kwekushanda kwecircuit breaker. Kunyanya munzvimbo ine tembiricha yakakwira uye hunyoro hwakawanda hwemwaka wemvura muSoutheast Asia, zviri nyore kwazvo kukonzera oxidation ye circuit breaker contacts, kukwegura kwe insulation layers, kuderedza kushanda kweSPD, uye kusunungura grounding system.Kune zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha zvekuongorora nekugadzirisa zuva nezuva, izvo zvakatsanangurwa nezviitiko chaizvo:

1.Kuongorora Kwemuchina Wekupwanya Dunhu (Kamwe chete pavhiki, Kuongorora Kwakawedzerwa Mushure meMadutu) 

Kuongorora kwakakosha: Kana jira rekudzivirira rakakuvara, kana nzvimbo dzakabatwa dzakasanganiswa ne oxidation, uye kana nzira yekugumburwa iri nyore, kuitira kudzivirira kugumburwa kunokonzerwa ne oxidation yekubatana uye kukanganisa.

✅ Nyaya Yekutarisa: Imwe fekitori yemachira muPenang, Malaysia, yakambosangana nemamiriro ezvinhu apo circuit breaker yaisagona kugadziriswazve mushure mekukanganisa mwaka wekunaya. Ongororo yakawana kuti circuit breaker contacts dzakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya uye hunyoro hwakawanda. Kukanganisa kwega kwega kwakakonzera kumisa kugadzirwa kweawa imwe chete, nekurasikirwa kweinenge MYR 1,200. Gare gare, sisitimu yekuongorora yakatangwa yekuchenesa guruva rekubatana, kutarisa insulation layer vhiki rega rega, uye kutsiva zvikamu zvekukwegura nenguva, nokudaro kubvisa zvachose zvikanganiso zvakadaro.

2.Kuongororwa kweSPD (Kamwe chete pahafu yemwedzi)

Kuongorora kwakakosha: Tarisa mamiriro echiedza chechiratidzo (girini = zvakajairika, tsvuku = kukundikana), edza mashandiro acho nguva nenguva, uye chitsive ipapo ipapo kana chikakundikana, kuitira kudzivirira kurasikirwa nesimba rekudzivirira kukwira kwemhepo nekuda kwekutadza kweSPD.

3.Kuongororwa kweSisitimu yeGrounding (Kamwe chete pamwedzi, Kamwe chete mazuva gumi ega ega munguva yemvura) 

Kuongorora kwakakosha: Kunyangwe electrode yekugadzika yakasununguka kana kuti yaora, gara uchiyera kuramba kwepasi kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti inosangana nezvinodiwa (maindasitiri ≤4Ω, zvivako zvemahofisi nedzimba dzekugara ≤10Ω). Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, hunyoro hwevhu hwakakwira, saka zvakakosha kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa nenguva kuti usanyanya kuwedzera kuramba kwepasi.

Chechipiri, tarisa mamiriro eSPD, tarisa kana mwenje wechiratidzo wakajairika (girini kana wakajairika, mutsvuku kana wakundikana), gara uchiongorora mashandiro eSPD, iedze kamwe chete muhafu yemwedzi mumwaka wemvura, uye itsive nekukurumidza kana ikakundikana. Supermarket yakaita mheni ichipinda mumutsetse nekuda kwekutadza kweSPD mumwaka wemvura, zvichikanganisa main circuit breaker, zvikaita kuti magetsi adzime kwemaawa mana, nekurasikirwa neinenge 30,000 RMB. Mushure mechiitiko ichi, zvakaonekwa kuti SPD yakanga yagara isingashande asi isina kuwanikwa uye yakatsiviwa nekufamba kwenguva, zvikava njodzi yekuchengetedza.

Chechitatu, tarisa system yekugadzika, tarisa kana electrode yekugadzika yakasununguka kana kuti yaora, gara uchiyera resistance yekugadzika kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti inosangana nezvinodiwa (maindasitiri ≤4Ω, zvivako zvemahofisi nedzimba ≤10Ω). Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, hunyoro hwevhu hwakakwira, izvo zviri nyore kukonzera kuwedzera kwe resistance yekugadzika, saka zvinodikanwa kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa nenguva. Imba yekugovera panze mupaki yemaindasitiri yaive nema electrode ekugadzika akasununguka munguva yekunaya kwemvura, uye resistance yekugadzika yakakwira kusvika ku12Ω. Mushure medutu remvura, mheni yaisagona kutsauswa nekukurumidza, zvichipwanya circuit breaker neSPD mukamuri yekugovera, nemari yekuchengetedza inodarika 15,000 RMB. Gare gare, system yekugadzika yaiongororwa nguva dzose, electrode yekugadzika yakasimbiswa nenguva, uye zvinhu zvekugadzika zvakawedzerwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti resistance yekugadzika yaive mukati mehuwandu hwezvinodiwa.